What Causes Dogs to Throw Up? A Complete Diagnostic & Treatment Guide
What causes dogs to throw up? Explore common & serious causes of canine vomiting, symptoms by severity, vet diagnostics, treatment costs, & when to seek...
Watching your dog throw up is unsettling — and it's one of the most common reasons pet owners call their veterinarian. Vomiting in dogs is the forceful ejection of stomach or upper intestinal contents through the mouth, driven by coordinated contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. It differs from regurgitation, which is a passive, effortless return of undigested food or liquid, typically from the esophagus, without abdominal heaving.
Occasional vomiting — such as after eating too quickly or ingesting something unusual — is relatively normal and often self-limiting. However, persistent, recurrent, or severe vomiting can signal a wide range of underlying conditions, from dietary indiscretion and gastrointestinal infections to life-threatening emergencies like gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV/bloat), intestinal blockage, or organ failure. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, vomiting is among the top five presenting complaints in small animal practice, making it essential for dog owners to understand when it's benign and when it demands immediate veterinary attention.
This guide walks you through what causes dogs to throw up, how veterinarians diagnose the underlying issue, what treatment options exist, and how to manage your dog's recovery at home.
What Causes Dogs to Throw Up? Understanding the Mechanisms
Vomiting is not a disease itself — it's a symptom. The vomiting center in the brainstem (located in the medulla oblongata) receives signals from multiple pathways, including the gastrointestinal tract, the vestibular system (inner ear), the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the brain, and higher cortical centers. When enough of these signals converge, the brain initiates the vomiting reflex.
The causes of canine vomiting fall into two broad categories:
Gastrointestinal (GI) Causes
- Dietary indiscretion: Eating garbage, table scraps, spoiled food, or non-food items (the classic "garbage gut")
- Food allergies or intolerances: Reactions to specific proteins (beef, chicken, dairy) or ingredients
- Acute gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining from irritants, medications (NSAIDs), or infections
- Foreign body obstruction: Swallowed objects (toys, socks, rocks, corn cobs) lodged in the stomach or intestines
- Parasites: Heavy roundworm, hookworm, or giardia infestations, especially in puppies
- Infectious diseases: Canine parvovirus, canine distemper, bacterial infections (Salmonella, Campylobacter)
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Chronic inflammation of the GI tract with immune-mediated components
- Intussusception: One segment of intestine telescopes into another, causing obstruction
- Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV/bloat): Stomach fills with gas and twists — a surgical emergency
Non-Gastrointestinal (Systemic) Causes
- Toxin ingestion: Chocolate, xylitol, rat poison, antifreeze (ethylene glycol), certain plants (lilies, sago palm), human medications
- Kidney disease (renal failure): Acute or chronic kidney dysfunction causes uremic toxin buildup, triggering nausea
- Liver disease: Hepatitis, hepatic lipidosis, or portosystemic shunts impair toxin metabolism
- Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas, often triggered by high-fat meals, causing severe vomiting and abdominal pain
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): Uncontrolled diabetes leads to metabolic acidosis and vomiting
- Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism): Adrenal insufficiency causes electrolyte imbalances and GI signs
- Vestibular disease: Inner ear or brainstem disorders cause motion-sickness-like vomiting
- Heatstroke: Hyperthermia triggers systemic inflammation and vomiting
- Certain cancers: GI lymphoma, mast cell tumors, or metastatic disease affecting abdominal organs
- Pyometra: Uterine infection in intact females causes systemic illness including vomiting
Symptoms Checklist: Early Warning Signs vs. Advanced Symptoms
Not all vomiting episodes are equal. Use this checklist to gauge severity and decide whether home monitoring or immediate veterinary care is warranted.
| Severity Level | Symptoms | Typical Action |
|---|---|---|
| Early / Mild |
• Single episode of vomiting, then stops • Dog remains alert and responsive • Normal appetite returns within 12–24 hours • No blood in vomit (clear, yellow bile, or undigested food) • Mild decrease in activity • Occasional lip-licking or gulping (signs of nausea) |
Monitor at home; withhold food 12 hours, then offer bland diet |
| Moderate |
• 2–3 vomiting episodes within 24 hours • Decreased appetite or refusal to eat • Mild lethargy or reluctance to play • Soft stools or mild diarrhea alongside vomiting • Increased thirst followed by vomiting water back up • Visible abdominal discomfort (tucked abdomen, restlessness) |
Call your vet for guidance; may need anti-nausea medication or dietary change |
| Severe / Emergency |
• Repeated vomiting (3+ episodes in hours) • Blood in vomit (bright red or dark "coffee ground" appearance) • Unproductive retching (trying to vomit but nothing comes up — GDV red flag) • Distended or hard abdomen • Profuse lethargy, collapse, or inability to stand • Pale, blue, or brick-red gums • Signs of dehydration (skin tenting, dry gums, sunken eyes) • Vomiting combined with seizures or tremors • Known or suspected toxin ingestion • Fever above 103.5°F (39.7°C) |
Emergency veterinary care immediately — do not wait |
Risk Factors: Which Dogs Are Most Vulnerable?
Several factors increase a dog's likelihood of experiencing significant vomiting episodes:
Breed Predisposition:
- Deep-chested breeds (Great Danes, German Shepherds, Standard Poodles, Irish Setters, Weimaraners) are at elevated risk for GDV/bloat
- Brachycephalic breeds (Bulldogs, Pugs, Boston Terriers, Shih Tzus) are prone to regurgitation and vomiting due to anatomical airway and esophageal abnormalities
- Miniature Schnauzers, Yorkshire Terriers, and Cocker Spaniels have higher rates of pancreatitis
- German Shepherds and Shar-Peis are overrepresented in IBD and GI lymphoma cases
- Standard Poodles and Portuguese Water Dogs have genetic predisposition to Addison's disease
Age Factors:
- Puppies (under 6 months): Higher risk from parvovirus, parasites, foreign body ingestion, and intussusception. Dehydration progresses rapidly in young dogs
- Senior dogs (8+ years): Higher risk from kidney disease, liver disease, cancer, and metabolic disorders
- Young adults (1–5 years): Most commonly affected by dietary indiscretion and foreign body obstruction
Environmental & Lifestyle Factors:
- Free-roaming or unsupervised outdoor access (increases toxin and foreign body risk)
- Multi-dog households with resource competition (rapid eating, stress-related GI upset)
- Recent boarding, travel, or environmental changes (stress-induced vomiting)
- Dogs on NSAID medications (carprofen, meloxicam) for arthritis or post-surgical pain
- Access to human medications, household chemicals, or toxic plants
How Veterinarians Diagnose the Cause of Vomiting
Because vomiting is a symptom with dozens of possible causes, your veterinarian will use a systematic diagnostic approach. The depth of investigation depends on the severity, duration, and accompanying clinical signs.
- History & Physical Exam ($65–$120 office visit fee): Your vet will ask about diet, recent changes, access to toxins or foreign objects, vaccination status, and vomiting frequency/appearance. The physical exam checks hydration status, abdominal pain, fever, gum color, and body condition.
- Blood Work — CBC & Chemistry Panel ($120–$280): A complete blood count (CBC) reveals infection, anemia, or dehydration. A chemistry panel assesses kidney values (BUN, creatinine, SDMA), liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, AST), blood glucose, electrolytes, and pancreatic markers.
- Canine Pancreatic Lipase (cPL) Test ($80–$150): A specific test for pancreatitis, which standard chemistry panels may miss. Results are typically available within 24 hours.
- Urinalysis ($45–$85): Evaluates kidney concentrating ability, detects urinary tract infection, and identifies crystals or glucose in urine.
- Abdominal X-Rays ($150–$350 for 2–3 views): Reveals foreign bodies, gas patterns suggesting obstruction or GDV, organ enlargement, free fluid (effusion), or masses. Radiopaque objects (metal, bone, some rocks) show clearly; soft objects may not.
- Abdominal Ultrasound ($300–$600): Provides detailed visualization of organ architecture, intestinal wall thickness, lymph nodes, and free fluid. Superior to X-rays for detecting soft foreign bodies, intussusception, and organ-specific disease. Often performed by a veterinary radiologist or internist.
- Fecal Testing ($35–$75): Fecal flotation and Giardia antigen tests detect parasites. Fecal PCR panels ($120–$200) can identify bacterial pathogens like Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Clostridium.
- Advanced Testing (as needed):
- Endoscopy with biopsy ($800–$2,000): For chronic vomiting or suspected IBD, lymphoma, or gastric ulcers
- Exploratory surgery ($1,500–$4,000+): When obstruction or GDV is suspected and imaging is inconclusive
- ACTH stimulation test ($150–$250): For suspected Addison's disease
- Parvovirus fecal antigen test ($40–$65): Rapid in-clinic snap test for puppies or unvaccinated dogs
Treatment Options: From Supportive Care to Surgery
Treatment depends entirely on the underlying cause. Here's a comparison of common treatment pathways:
| Cause | Primary Treatment | Supportive Care | Typical Success Rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary indiscretion / mild gastritis | Fasting 12–24 hrs, then bland diet; anti-emetics if needed | Subcutaneous fluids if dehydrated | 95%+ resolve within 1–3 days |
| Foreign body obstruction | Endoscopic retrieval or surgical enterotomy/gastrotomy | IV fluids, pain management, post-op monitoring | 85–95% with timely surgery; drops significantly if bowel perforation occurs |
| Parvovirus | Aggressive IV fluid therapy, antibiotics (secondary infection), anti-emetics | Plasma transfusion in severe cases; isolation protocols | 80–90% survival with intensive hospitalization; under 10% without treatment |
| Pancreatitis (acute) | IV fluids, anti-emetics (maropitant/Cerenia), pain control, low-fat diet | Nutritional support via feeding tube in severe cases | Most mild cases resolve in 3–7 days; severe necrotizing pancreatitis has 30–50% mortality |
| GDV (bloat) | Emergency decompression + surgical gastropexy | IV fluids, cardiac monitoring, shock management | 73–90% survive surgery if treated within 6 hours; mortality rises sharply with delay |
| Toxin ingestion | Decontamination (induced vomiting if early, activated charcoal), specific antidotes | IV fluids, liver protectants (for acetaminophen/xylitol), seizure control | Varies widely by toxin and time to treatment; early intervention greatly improves outcomes |
| Kidney disease (acute) | Aggressive IV fluid diuresis, treat underlying cause | Anti-emetics, phosphate binders, appetite stimulants | 40–60% recover with prompt treatment; depends on nephrotoxin type and exposure duration |
| IBD (chronic) | Dietary trials (novel protein/hydrolyzed), immunosuppressive drugs (prednisone, budesonide) | Probiotics, B12 supplementation, cobalamin injections | 70–80% achieve long-term management; not curable but controllable |
Common Medications Used to Treat Vomiting
Your veterinarian may prescribe one or more of the following anti-emetic or GI-support medications. Never administer human medications to your dog without explicit veterinary guidance.
- Maropitant citrate (Cerenia): The most widely prescribed veterinary anti-emetic. Blocks substance P at the NK-1 receptor. Available as injectable (clinic-administered) or oral tablets. Typical dose: 1 mg/kg once daily for up to 5 days (oral) or 2 mg/kg subcutaneously (injectable). Cost: $25–$60 per prescription.
- Ondansetron (Zofran): A serotonin (5-HT3) antagonist effective for nausea related to chemotherapy, kidney disease, or severe GI inflammation. Typical dose: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg every 8–12 hours. Cost: $10–$40 depending on tablet strength and quantity.
- Metoclopramide (Reglan): A prokinetic that enhances GI motility and has central anti-emetic effects. Used for delayed gastric emptying or reflux. Typical dose: 0.2–0.5 mg/kg every 8 hours. Cost: $8–$20. Contraindicated in suspected obstruction.
- Sucralfate (Carafate): A mucosal protectant that coats stomach ulcers and erosions. Given as a slurry (crushed tablet mixed with water). Typical dose: 0.5–1 g per dog every 8 hours. Cost: $10–$25.
- Famotidine (Pepcid) or Omeprazole (Prilosec): Acid reducers used for gastritis and ulcer management. Famotidine: 0.5 mg/kg every 12–24 hours. Omeprazole: 0.5–1 mg/kg once daily. These are available OTC but should only be used under veterinary direction.
Prognosis by Severity: What to Expect
| Severity / Cause Category | Expected Recovery Timeline | Prognosis |
|---|---|---|
| Acute, self-limiting (dietary indiscretion, mild gastritis) | 1–3 days with supportive care | Excellent — full recovery expected |
| Moderate infectious (parasites, bacterial gastroenteritis) | 5–14 days with appropriate treatment | Good to excellent with treatment; puppies and immunocompromised dogs at higher risk |
| Surgical (foreign body, intussusception) | 7–14 days post-operative recovery | Good if treated before perforation or sepsis; guarded if bowel resection required |
| Severe infectious (parvovirus) | 5–10 days hospitalized, 2–4 weeks full recovery | Good with intensive care (80–90% survival); poor without treatment |
| Emergency surgical (GDV/bloat) | 2–5 days hospitalized, 2–4 weeks recovery | Fair to good if treated within hours; guarded to poor with prolonged delay or cardiac complications |
| Chronic manageable (IBD, food allergy) | Ongoing management; improvement within 2–8 weeks of dietary or medical intervention | Good quality of life with long-term management; not curable |
| Chronic progressive (kidney disease, liver failure, cancer) | Variable — months to years with management | Guarded; depends on stage at diagnosis, comorbidities, and response to treatment |
Home Care & Recovery Management
Once your vet has ruled out emergencies and prescribed a treatment plan, home care plays a critical role in your dog's recovery.
The Bland Diet Protocol
After a 12–24 hour fasting period (only if your vet approves — never fast puppies, toy breeds, or diabetic dogs without guidance), introduce a bland diet:
- Recipe: 2 parts cooked white rice + 1 part boiled, skinless, boneless chicken breast (or lean ground turkey). No seasoning, butter, or oil.
- Portion: Feed approximately 1/3 cup per 10 lb of body weight per meal, divided into 3–4 small meals throughout the day.
- Duration: Continue bland diet for 3–5 days, then gradually transition back to regular food over 3–4 days by mixing increasing proportions of regular food.
- Commercial alternatives: Hill's Prescription Diet i/d, Royal Canin Gastrointestinal Low Fat, or Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets EN Gastroenteric are veterinary-formulated options that provide complete nutrition during recovery.
Hydration Monitoring
Dehydration is the most dangerous secondary complication of vomiting. Monitor at home using these methods:
- Skin tent test: Gently lift the skin between your dog's shoulder blades and release. In a hydrated dog, it snaps back immediately. If it takes more than 2 seconds to return, dehydration is likely.
- Gum check: Healthy gums are moist and slick. Dry, tacky gums indicate dehydration.
- Capillary refill time (CRT): Press your finger against your dog's gum until it blanches white, then release. Color should return within 1–2 seconds. Prolonged CRT suggests dehydration or poor circulation.
What to Track During Recovery
Keep a simple log noting:
- Number of vomiting episodes per day and their appearance (color, content, presence of blood)
- Water intake and whether water stays down
- Appetite level (scale of 1–5)
- Stool consistency and frequency
- Energy level and behavior changes
- Medication administration times and any side effects
Cost of Treatment: What to Budget For
Veterinary costs for vomiting-related diagnoses and treatment vary enormously based on the underlying cause, your geographic location, and whether emergency or specialty care is needed.
| Scenario | Estimated Cost Range | What's Included |
|---|---|---|
| Mild case (outpatient) | $150–$450 | Office visit, basic blood work, anti-emetic injection, bland diet recommendation |
| Moderate case (outpatient with diagnostics) | $400–$1,200 | Office visit, full blood panel, urinalysis, fecal testing, X-rays, prescription medications |
| Severe case (hospitalization 1–3 days) | $1,500–$5,000 | Emergency exam, full diagnostics, IV fluids, injectable medications, overnight monitoring |
| Surgical (foreign body removal) | $2,000–$6,000 | Pre-surgical bloodwork, anesthesia, surgery, hospitalization, post-op medications |
| Emergency surgery (GDV/bloat) | $3,000–$8,000+ | Emergency stabilization, decompression, gastropexy, ICU monitoring, blood products if needed |
| Parvovirus treatment (puppy) | $1,500–$5,000+ | Isolation hospitalization (5–7 days), IV fluids, antibiotics, anti-emetics, plasma transfusion |
| Chronic disease management (IBD, kidney disease) | $200–$600/month ongoing | Prescription diet, medications, periodic blood work and rechecks |
Pet insurance can significantly offset these costs. Most comprehensive policies (Lemonade, Trupanion, Healthy Paws, Nationwide) cover 70–90% of eligible veterinary expenses after the deductible. Monthly premiums for a medium-sized dog typically range from $35–$80 depending on coverage level, deductible, and the dog's age at enrollment. Policies are most cost-effective when enrolled during puppyhood before pre-existing conditions develop.
Prevention: Reducing Your Dog's Vomiting Risk
While not all causes of vomiting are preventable, these strategies significantly reduce risk:
Nutrition & Feeding Management
- Avoid sudden diet changes: Transition to new foods over 7–10 days, mixing 25% new food with 75% old food for the first 3 days, then gradually increasing.
- Use slow-feeder bowls: For dogs that eat too quickly (a common cause of vomiting and bloat risk), bowls like the Outback Animal Instinct Slow Feeder or the JW Pet Fun Feeder reduce gulping. Cost: $8–$20.
- Elevated feeding for bloat-prone breeds: Some studies suggest raised feeders may help, though evidence is mixed. Discuss with your vet for deep-chested breeds.
- Avoid high-fat treats and table scraps: Fatty foods are a primary trigger for pancreatitis, especially in predisposed breeds.
- Feed multiple small meals: 2–3 smaller meals per day rather than one large meal reduces gastric distension and vomiting risk.
Environmental Safety
- Puppy-proof your home: Keep small objects (coins, hair ties, children's toys, batteries) off floors and low shelves. Use baby gates to restrict access to hazardous areas.
- Secure trash cans: Use lidded, dog-proof containers. "Garbage toxicosis" from moldy food, bones, and spoiled items is a leading cause of acute vomiting.
- Know your toxic plants: Remove or fence off sago palm, lilies, azaleas, oleander, and autumn crocus from yards. The ASPCA's toxic plant list is a comprehensive reference.
- Store medications securely: Human NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen), acetaminophen, antidepressants, and ADHD medications are among the most common causes of toxic vomiting in dogs.
- Supervise outdoor time: Prevent access to dead animals, standing water (potential leptospirosis/algae exposure), antifreeze puddles, and mushroom growth.
Vaccination & Parasite Prevention
- Keep vaccinations current: The DHPP vaccine (which covers parvovirus and distemper) is a core vaccine and the single most effective prevention against these life-threatening causes of vomiting in puppies. The standard protocol involves initial doses at 6–8, 10–12, and 14–16 weeks, with a booster at 1 year and every 3 years thereafter, per AVMA guidelines.
- Maintain year-round parasite prevention: Monthly heartworm preventives (Heartgard Plus, Interceptor Plus) also cover intestinal parasites. Annual fecal exams catch subclinical infections.
When to See the Vet: Red Flag Symptoms
Seek immediate veterinary care if your dog exhibits any of the following:
- Three or more vomiting episodes within a 12-hour period
- Blood in vomit — either bright red streaks or dark material resembling coffee grounds
- Unproductive retching or dry heaving (attempting to vomit but producing nothing) — this is a hallmark sign of GDV/bloat and is a life-threatening emergency
- A visibly swollen, tight, or painful abdomen
- Signs of severe lethargy, collapse, or inability to stand
- Pale, blue-tinged, or brick-red gums
- Known or suspected ingestion of a toxic substance (chocolate, xylitol, rat poison, antifreeze, human medications, toxic plants)
- Vomiting in a puppy under 6 months old (dehydration and hypoglycemia develop rapidly)
- Vomiting in a dog with pre-existing conditions (diabetes, kidney disease, Addison's disease)
- Vomiting that persists beyond 24 hours despite home management
- Concurrent seizures, tremors, or disorientation
- Fever above 103.5°F (39.7°C)
ASPCA Animal Poison Control: (888) 426-4435 — available 24/7 if you suspect toxin ingestion (a consultation fee of approximately $95 applies). Have the product packaging, estimated amount ingested, and your dog's weight ready when you call.
Pet Poison Helpline: (855) 764-7661 — alternative 24/7 poison control resource.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is vomiting in dogs, and how is it different from regurgitation?
Vomiting is the active, forceful ejection of stomach contents, preceded by signs of nausea (drooling, lip-licking, swallowing) and accompanied by visible abdominal contractions. Regurgitation is passive — food or liquid comes back up without effort, often in a tubular shape, and typically occurs within minutes of eating. Regurgitation suggests esophageal problems (megaesophagus, strictures) rather than stomach issues and requires a different diagnostic approach.
What are the most common symptoms that accompany vomiting?
Depending on the cause, vomiting may be accompanied by diarrhea, loss of appetite, lethargy, abdominal pain (tucked or tense belly, vocalizing when touched), excessive drooling, dehydration (dry gums, skin tenting), weight loss (in chronic cases), fever, or behavioral changes like hiding or restlessness.
How is the cause of vomiting diagnosed in dogs?
Diagnosis follows a stepwise approach: thorough history and physical exam first, followed by baseline blood work (CBC, chemistry panel), urinalysis, and fecal testing. If these don't reveal the cause, imaging (X-rays, ultrasound) is the next step. Advanced cases may require endoscopy with biopsy, exploratory surgery, or specialized tests like the ACTH stimulation test (for Addison's) or bile acids test (for liver shunts).
Can vomiting in dogs be cured or treated?
Most acute vomiting resolves completely with appropriate treatment. Self-limiting causes (dietary indiscretion, mild gastritis) often clear within 1–3 days. Surgical causes (foreign bodies) are typically curable with timely intervention. Chronic conditions (IBD, kidney disease) are managed long-term rather than cured, but many dogs maintain good quality of life with consistent treatment. The prognosis depends heavily on identifying and addressing the underlying cause promptly.
How much does vomiting treatment cost for dogs?
Costs range from $150–$450 for a mild outpatient case to $3,000–$8,000+ for emergency surgical intervention like GDV/bloat repair. A typical moderate case requiring diagnostics and medication runs $400–$1,200. Chronic disease management may cost $200–$600 per month ongoing. Pet insurance can reimburse 70–90% of eligible costs.
What is the life expectancy of a dog with chronic vomiting conditions?
For manageable chronic conditions like IBD or food allergies, life expectancy is generally normal with appropriate long-term management. Chronic kidney disease has a variable prognosis — dogs diagnosed at IRIS Stage 1 or 2 may live 2–4+ years with management, while Stage 4 carries a median survival of approximately 2–4 months. GI lymphoma treated with chemotherapy has a median survival of 6–12 months depending on grade and protocol.
Which breeds are most prone to vomiting-related conditions?
Deep-chested breeds (Great Danes, German Shepherds, Standard Poodles, Irish Setters) face the highest GDV risk. Miniature Schnauzers, Yorkshire Terriers, and Cocker Spaniels are predisposed to pancreatitis. Brachycephalic breeds (Bulldogs, Pugs, Boston Terriers) commonly experience regurgitation and vomiting due to anatomical issues. Standard Poodles and Portuguese Water Dogs have higher rates of Addison's disease. German Shepherds and Shar-Peis are overrepresented in chronic GI conditions like IBD.
Should I withhold food after my dog vomits?
For adult dogs in otherwise good health, a 12–24 hour fasting period followed by a bland diet is a common recommendation — but always consult your veterinarian first. Never fast puppies under 6 months, toy breeds (Yorkies, Chihuahuas — risk of hypoglycemia), diabetic dogs, or dogs with known metabolic conditions. Ensure fresh water is always available, but offer it in small amounts frequently rather than allowing a dehydrated dog to gulp large volumes, which may trigger further vomiting.
Can I give my dog Pepto-Bismol or other human anti-nausea medications?
Some human medications can be used in dogs under veterinary direction, but self-medicating is risky. Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate) contains salicylates, which can be toxic to dogs at incorrect doses and is contraindicated in dogs with bleeding disorders or those on NSAIDs. Dramamine (dimenhydrinate) is sometimes used for motion sickness at 2–4 mg/kg every 8 hours, but should only be given with veterinary approval. Always call your vet before administering any OTC medication.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional veterinary advice. If your dog is vomiting persistently, appears in distress, or has ingested a potentially toxic substance, consult your veterinarian or an emergency veterinary clinic immediately.
Jonas Cole
All our authors care for dogs every day — read more of their work on the authors page.
