Original Shih Tzu Breed: History, Traits, and Care Guide
Discover the original Shih Tzu breed's imperial history, temperament, health risks, grooming needs, and true cost of ownership in this detailed profile.
The Shih Tzu is one of the oldest dog breeds on Earth, carrying centuries of Chinese imperial history in every strand of its flowing double coat. Often misspelled as "Shitzu" or confused with the Lhasa Apso, the original Shih Tzu breed has a distinct identity shaped by its role as a royal companion — not a working dog, not a hunting dog, but a purpose-built lap warmer and palace entertainer. If you are considering bringing one into your home, this profile gives you the specific, actionable data you need to make an informed decision.
Origin and History: From Tibetan Monasteries to Chinese Palaces
The Shih Tzu's lineage traces back over 1,000 years to Tibet, where Buddhist monks bred small lion-like dogs as temple guardians and gifts for Chinese royalty. The name "Shih Tzu" (獅子狗) translates literally to "lion dog" in Mandarin, referencing the breed's resemblance to the stylized lions found in Buddhist art. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), the modern Shih Tzu was developed primarily during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) and later refined under Empress Dowager Cixi in the late 19th century at the Imperial Kennels in Beijing's Forbidden City.
After the Chinese Revolution of 1949, the breed nearly faced extinction. A small number of Shih Tzus were exported to England and Scandinavia in the 1930s, and it is from approximately 14 foundation dogs that every registered Shih Tzu alive today descends. The AKC officially recognized the breed in 1969, and it currently ranks as the 20th most popular breed in the United States.
The original Shih Tzu breed was never intended to work. Unlike the Pekingese (which also served as an imperial companion) or the Lhasa Apso (which guarded Tibetan monasteries), the Shih Tzu was bred purely for companionship, which explains its deeply affectionate, low-drive temperament today.
| Attribute | Details |
|---|---|
| Size Class | Toy |
| Weight Range | 9–16 lb (4–7.3 kg) |
| Height Range | 8–11 inches (20–28 cm) at the withers |
| Lifespan | 10–18 years (median 13.2 years) |
| Coat Type | Long, dense double coat; hair-like texture (not fur) |
| Energy Level | Low to moderate |
| Grooming Frequency | Daily brushing; professional grooming every 4–6 weeks |
| Family Fit | Excellent for apartments, seniors, and families with older children |
| AKC Group | Toy Group |
Physical Characteristics: What an Original Shih Tzu Looks Like
The Shih Tzu is a brachycephalic (short-muzzled) toy breed with a body that is slightly longer than it is tall. The AKC breed standard specifies a weight of 9–16 lb (4–7.3 kg) and a height of 8–11 inches (20–28 cm). Dogs outside these ranges are not disqualified in pet homes but would be faulted in conformation shows.
Key physical traits include:
- Head: Broad and round with a pronounced stop (the angle where the muzzle meets the forehead). The muzzle is short, approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) from stop to nose tip, and broad with good width.
- Eyes: Large, dark, and round — set wide apart. Shih Tzus are prone to prominent eyes, which makes them susceptible to corneal injuries.
- Ears: Large, drop ears set slightly below the crown of the skull, heavily feathered with coat.
- Coat: A luxurious double coat that grows continuously (hair, not fur). All colors and markings are acceptable per the breed standard, including gold, white, black, liver, brindle, and parti-color.
- Tail: Heavily plumed, set high, and carried in a curve over the back.
- Bite: Undershot or level bite is standard — the lower jaw protrudes slightly, which is normal for the breed and not a defect.
One distinction worth noting: the original Shih Tzu breed is sometimes confused with the "Imperial Shih Tzu" or "Teacup Shih Tzu" marketed by some breeders. These are not separate breeds or recognized varieties — they are simply Shih Tzus bred to be smaller than the standard, often at the cost of increased health problems. Reputable breeders do not use these terms.
Temperament and Personality: 5 Core Traits
The Shih Tzu's temperament is one of its strongest selling points. Centuries of selective breeding for companionship produced a dog with remarkably consistent behavioral traits:
1. Outgoing and Affectionate
Shih Tzus typically greet strangers with enthusiasm rather than suspicion. Unlike breeds that bond exclusively to one person, most Shih Tzus distribute affection across all household members. Expect your dog to follow you from room to room and insist on lap time — this is a dog that was literally bred to sit on emperors' laps.
2. Low Prey Drive
Because the breed was never used for hunting or vermin control, Shih Tzus generally coexist peacefully with cats, small dogs, and other household pets. This is a significant advantage over terrier breeds of similar size, which may chase or harass smaller animals.
3. Stubborn but Not Aggressive
Shih Tzus rank low in working/obedience intelligence (Stanley Coren places them in the lowest tier in The Intelligence of Dogs), meaning they typically require 80–100 repetitions to learn a new command. This is not stupidity — it is independence. The breed was never asked to perform tasks, so it has no instinct to seek direction from humans. Training requires patience and high-value treats.
4. Alert but Not Excessively Vocal
A Shih Tzu will bark to announce a visitor at the door, but they are not chronic barkers like some toy breeds (e.g., Miniature Schnauzers or Chihuahuas). Most owners report barking only at genuine triggers, not at shadows or passing cars.
5. Playful in Short Bursts
Expect 10–15 minute play sessions followed by napping. Shih Tzus enjoy gentle tug, puzzle toys, and short fetch sessions indoors, but they are not endurance athletes and will not keep up on long hikes.
Pros of Owning a Shih Tzu
- Exceptionally affectionate and people-oriented
- Adapts well to apartment living
- Low exercise requirements (30–45 min/day)
- Good with children (supervised), cats, and other dogs
- Minimal shedding — coat is hair, not fur
- Long lifespan (10–18 years)
- Rarely aggressive toward people or animals
Cons of Owning a Shih Tzu
- High grooming demands and cost ($50–$90 per professional session)
- Brachycephalic health risks (breathing, heat intolerance)
- Difficult to house-train (often 6–9 months for full reliability)
- Prone to dental disease — daily tooth brushing required
- Eye injuries due to prominent, exposed eyes
- Not suited for hot climates or intense exercise
- Can develop separation anxiety if left alone more than 4–6 hours
Exercise and Activity Needs
Shih Tzus need approximately 30–45 minutes of total daily activity, which can be broken into two or three shorter sessions. This is far less than most breeds of any size and makes them ideal for sedentary owners, seniors, or apartment dwellers without yards.
| Activity | Duration | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Morning leash walk | 15–20 minutes | Use a harness (never a collar — tracheal collapse risk) |
| Indoor play session | 10–15 minutes | Puzzle toys, gentle tug, hide-and-seek |
| Evening leash walk | 10–15 minutes | Avoid peak heat; brachycephalic dogs overheat quickly |
Important heat warning: Shih Tzus are highly susceptible to heatstroke due to their brachycephalic anatomy, which impairs efficient panting. Avoid outdoor exercise when temperatures exceed 80°F (27°C). Walk during early morning or evening, and always carry water. Signs of overheating include excessive panting, drooling, lethargy, and collapse — if you observe these, cool the dog immediately with lukewarm (not cold) water and contact your veterinarian.
Common Health Issues in the Original Shih Tzu Breed
While the Shih Tzu is generally a long-lived breed, its brachycephalic structure and genetic history create specific health vulnerabilities. Consult your veterinarian for breed-appropriate screening. The following conditions are among the most prevalent:
| Condition | Description | Estimated Prevalence | Typical Treatment Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) | Narrowed airways causing labored breathing, snoring, exercise intolerance, and heat sensitivity | ~60% of brachycephalic breeds show some degree of BOAS (source: Merck Veterinary Manual) | $1,500–$5,000 for corrective surgery if severe |
| Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) | Herniated or bulging discs pressing on the spinal cord, causing pain, weakness, or paralysis | Estimated 3–5% lifetime risk; higher in chondrodystrophic breeds | $3,000–$8,000 for surgical decompression |
| Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (Dry Eye) | Insufficient tear production leading to corneal irritation, ulcers, and potential vision loss | ~5–8% of Shih Tzus (higher than breed average) | $300–$800/year for lifelong medication (cyclosporine drops) |
| Patellar Luxation | Kneecap dislocating from its groove, causing intermittent lameness or skipping gait | ~4–7% prevalence in toy breeds | $1,500–$3,500 per affected knee (surgical) |
| Dental Disease (Periodontitis) | Crowded teeth in a small jaw leading to plaque buildup, gum recession, tooth loss, and systemic infection | Over 80% of small breeds show periodontal disease by age 3 | $500–$1,500 per dental cleaning; extractions $200–$600/tooth |
Recommended health screenings (per the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA)) for responsible Shih Tzu breeders include: hip evaluation, patella evaluation, ophthalmologist evaluation, and a DNA test for renal dysplasia. Ask any breeder for OFA certificates before purchasing a puppy.
Grooming Requirements: What You Actually Need to Do
The Shih Tzu's double coat is one of its most recognizable features — and one of its biggest time commitments. The coat grows continuously like human hair, meaning it does not shed seasonally but requires regular trimming and detangling.
Brushing: Daily brushing (10–15 minutes) is necessary if the coat is kept at full length. Use a slicker brush and a stainless-steel comb to work through tangles. A leave-in conditioning spray helps prevent matting. If you opt for a "puppy cut" (trimmed to 1–2 inches), brushing 3–4 times per week is usually sufficient.
Professional grooming: Every 4–6 weeks, budget $50–$90 per session for a bath, blowout, haircut, nail trim, and ear cleaning. Annual grooming cost: $600–$1,200.
Face and eye care: The Shih Tzu's facial structure creates deep skin folds around the nose and eyes that trap moisture and bacteria. Wipe these folds daily with a damp cloth or veterinary-recommended facial wipe to prevent fold dermatitis and yeast infections. Trim the hair around the eyes weekly to prevent irritation and corneal scratches.
Dental care: Brush teeth daily with a veterinary-formulated enzymatic toothpaste (never human toothpaste — fluoride and xylitol are toxic to dogs). Annual professional dental cleanings under anesthesia are strongly recommended starting at age 2–3.
Nail trimming: Every 2–3 weeks. Overgrown nails alter foot structure and can contribute to patellar luxation stress.
Training and Intelligence
Shih Tzus are not difficult to train because they are unintelligent — they are difficult to train because they were never bred to take direction. Centuries as companion animals selected for charm and independence, not obedience. Understanding this context prevents frustration.
Trainability rating: 2/5 for obedience speed; 4/5 for food motivation.
Recommended methods: Positive reinforcement only — use high-value treats (small pieces of chicken, cheese, or commercial training treats), clicker training, and short sessions (5–7 minutes maximum). Shih Tzus tune out during long, repetitive drills. Force-free, LIMA (Least Intrusive, Minimally Aversive) methods produce the best results. Never use shock collars, prong collars, or physical corrections — these damage the trust-based bond this breed requires and can trigger fear-based avoidance behaviors.
House-training timeline: This is the Shih Tzu's most notorious training challenge. Small bladder capacity, a stubborn streak, and a dislike of wet/cold weather combine to make house-training a 6–9 month process for most owners. Crate training, consistent outdoor schedules (every 2–3 hours for puppies), and enthusiastic praise for outdoor elimination are essential. Indoor pee-pad training is a viable alternative for apartment dwellers or those in cold climates.
Family Suitability: Kids, Pets, and Living Spaces
With children: Shih Tzus are generally excellent with children ages 8 and up who understand how to handle small dogs gently. They are not recommended for toddlers or very young children, not because of aggression but because of fragility — a Shih Tzu weighing 10 lb can be seriously injured by a child who drops, squeezes, or steps on the dog. Supervised interaction is mandatory for any child under 10.
With other pets: One of the breed's strongest suits. Shih Tzus typically get along well with other dogs of all sizes and with cats. Their low prey drive means they rarely chase smaller animals. Introduce new pets gradually, but expect a warm reception from most Shih Tzus.
Apartment living: The Shih Tzu is among the best breeds for apartment life. Low exercise needs, moderate barking, small size, and a desire to be near their owner all make them well-suited to condos, apartments, and homes without yards. They do require daily outdoor walks, but a 15-minute leash walk satisfies their physical needs.
Separation anxiety risk: This is a breed that was literally designed to be with people at all times. Shih Tzus left alone for more than 4–6 hours regularly are at elevated risk for separation anxiety, manifesting as destructive chewing, excessive barking, or house-soiling. If you work long hours away from home, consider a dog walker, doggy daycare, or a breed with more independent tendencies (e.g., a Basset Hound or Greyhound).
Cost of Ownership: The Real Numbers
The Shih Tzu is not a budget breed. Grooming costs alone place it in the higher tier of small-dog ownership expenses. Here is a realistic breakdown based on 2026 U.S. averages:
| Expense Category | First Year | Annual (Subsequent Years) |
|---|---|---|
| Puppy purchase (reputable breeder) | $800–$3,000 | — |
| Adoption/rescue fee (alternative) | $200–$600 | — |
| Veterinary care (vaccines, spay/neuter, wellness) | $600–$1,200 | $400–$800 |
| Professional grooming (every 4–6 weeks) | $600–$1,200 | $600–$1,200 |
| Food (premium small-breed kibble or fresh diet) | $300–$600 | $300–$600 |
| Dental cleaning (annual, starting year 2–3) | — | $500–$1,500 |
| Supplies (crate, harness, bed, toys, brushes) | $200–$400 | $100–$200 |
| Pet insurance (optional but recommended) | $400–$700 | $400–$700 |
| Estimated Total | $3,100–$7,700 | $2,300–$5,000 |
Puppy prices vary significantly by region, breeder reputation, and pedigree. Show-quality puppies from champion lines may exceed $3,500, while pet-quality puppies from health-tested breeders typically range from $800–$2,000. Always verify OFA health clearances and avoid breeders who cannot provide them. Adoption through a Shih Tzu-specific rescue (e.g., the American Shih Tzu Club rescue network) is an equally valid path and typically costs $200–$600.
Frequently Asked Questions About the Original Shih Tzu Breed
Is the original Shih Tzu breed right for first-time owners?
Yes, with caveats. The Shih Tzu's friendly temperament, manageable size, and low exercise needs make it a solid choice for first-time dog owners. However, the grooming commitment (daily brushing plus professional grooming every 4–6 weeks) and the lengthy house-training process (6–9 months) can surprise new owners. If you are prepared for these two challenges, the Shih Tzu is a rewarding first dog.
How much exercise does a Shih Tzu need daily?
An adult Shih Tzu needs approximately 30–45 minutes of total daily activity, ideally split into two short leash walks (15–20 minutes each) and one indoor play session (10–15 minutes). Avoid exercising in temperatures above 80°F (27°C) due to brachycephalic heat sensitivity.
What health problems is the Shih Tzu prone to?
The most significant breed-specific health risks include Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD), dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), patellar luxation, and severe dental disease. Regular veterinary checkups, maintaining a healthy weight, and daily dental care significantly reduce the impact of these conditions.
How big does an original Shih Tzu get?
A healthy adult Shih Tzu weighs 9–16 lb (4–7.3 kg) and stands 8–11 inches (20–28 cm) tall at the shoulder. Males tend to be at the higher end of both ranges. Any breeder advertising "teacup" or "imperial" Shih Tzus is marketing undersized dogs that often carry additional health risks.
Is the Shih Tzu good with children and other pets?
Shih Tzus are generally excellent with children ages 8+ and with other household pets, including cats and dogs of all sizes. They are not recommended for homes with toddlers due to the dog's small size and fragility — not due to temperament concerns. Always supervise interactions between any dog and young children.
How much does it cost to buy and maintain a Shih Tzu?
Expect to spend $800–$3,000 for a puppy from a reputable breeder (or $200–$600 through rescue adoption). Annual care costs range from $2,300–$5,000, with grooming being the single largest recurring expense at $600–$1,200 per year. Over the breed's 10–18 year lifespan, total lifetime cost typically falls between $25,000–$75,000, depending on veterinary needs and insurance coverage.
What is the difference between a Shih Tzu and a Lhasa Apso?
While both are small, long-coated breeds with Tibetan origins, the Shih Tzu was bred as a companion (affectionate, outgoing, people-focused), while the Lhasa Apso was bred as a sentinel (alert, independent, wary of strangers). Shih Tzus have a broader, shorter muzzle and a more pronounced undershot bite. Lhasa Apsos tend to be slightly larger (12–18 lb) and more reserved with unfamiliar people.
This article is for informational purposes and does not replace professional veterinary advice. Always consult your veterinarian for breed-specific health screening, dietary recommendations, and treatment decisions.
Aaron Whyte
All our authors care for dogs every day — read more of their work on the authors page.
