Iceland Dog Breeds: The Complete Guide to Nordic Canine Companions
Discover Iceland dog breeds including the Icelandic Sheepdog and related Nordic breeds.
What Qualifies as an Iceland Dog Breed?
Iceland's isolation as an island nation in the North Atlantic has shaped a surprisingly narrow but fascinating canine heritage. When we talk about "Iceland dog breeds," we're really discussing one true native breed — the Icelandic Sheepdog — alongside a handful of closely related Nordic and spitz-type breeds that share the same genetic lineage, working history, and cold-climate adaptations that define dogs from this region.
Selection Criteria for This List
To be included in this guide, each breed must meet at least two of the following criteria:
- Geographic origin: Developed in Iceland or the broader Nordic/Scandinavian region (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, or the Faroe Islands)
- Genetic lineage: Shares documented ancestry with the Icelandic Sheepdog or other Nordic herding/spitz breeds
- Functional similarity: Bred for cold-climate pastoral work, sled pulling, or hunting in subarctic conditions similar to Iceland's environment
- Physical convergence: Exhibits the double-coated, pricked-ear, curled-tail spitz phenotype that characterizes Nordic working dogs
This approach gives you the one true Iceland breed plus the closest relatives you're likely to encounter when researching Nordic dogs for your home.
Iceland actually banned dog imports for much of the 20th century to protect its native livestock from disease, which means the Icelandic Sheepdog developed with remarkable genetic isolation. Today, the breed is recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in the Herding Group and remains relatively rare — the AKC registered fewer than 200 Icelandic Sheepdogs in recent years. If you're drawn to Nordic dogs, understanding the full landscape of related breeds helps you make a realistic choice about availability, cost, and lifestyle fit.
The Definitive Iceland Dog Breeds List
The following breeds are organized from most directly connected to Iceland outward to the broader Nordic family. Each entry includes the breed's size class, the key trait that earns its place on this list, and a practical profile for prospective owners.
1. Icelandic Sheepdog (Íslenskur Fjárhundur)
Size Class: Medium (25–30 lb / 11–14 kg; 16.5–18 inches at shoulder)
Key Trait: The only breed native to Iceland — a vocal, agile herder developed over 1,000+ years of isolation on the island.
Profile: The Icelandic Sheepdog is a compact, rectangular spitz with a thick double coat in tan, chocolate brown, gray, or black, always with white markings. Bred to herd sheep across Iceland's volcanic highlands, this dog works by barking — a trait that persists in the home. They're alert, affectionate with family, and suspicious of strangers without being aggressive. Expect 12–14 years of life with proper care. Litters are small (3–5 puppies), and waitlists from responsible breeders typically run 12–24 months. Puppy prices range from $1,800–$3,500 in the US.
2. Norwegian Buhund
Size Class: Medium (26.5–40 lb / 12–18 kg; 16–18.5 inches)
Key Trait: The Icelandic Sheepdog's closest mainland relative — Norwegian farm dogs likely contributed to the Icelandic breed's founding stock via Viking settlers.
Profile: The Buhund is a black or wheaten-colored spitz with a slightly heavier build than the Icelandic Sheepdog. They share the same all-purpose farm dog heritage: herding, guarding, and companionship. Buhunds are highly trainable, eager workers who excel in agility and obedience. They tend to be somewhat less vocal than Icelandic Sheepdogs, which makes them a practical alternative for suburban homes. Lifespan averages 12–15 years. Expect to pay $1,500–$2,500 from a health-tested breeder.
3. Swedish Vallhund
Size Class: Small-to-Medium (20–35 lb / 9–16 kg; 12.5–16 inches)
Key Trait: A short-legged Nordic herder with documented Viking-era connections to the same pastoral dog lineage that produced Iceland's native breed.
Profile: The Vallhund is a low-slung, sturdy herding dog sometimes called the "Swedish Corgi" for its build, though it's a true spitz. They're playful, clownish, and highly intelligent — often described as having a sense of humor. Coat colors include sable, black, gray, and blue merle. They need 45–60 minutes of daily activity and thrive in homes where they have a job, even if that job is puzzle toys and trick training. Lifespan is 12–15 years. US availability is limited; prices range $2,000–$3,000.
4. Norwegian Elkhound (Norsk Elghund)
Size Class: Medium-to-Large (48–55 lb / 22–25 kg; 19.5–20.5 inches)
Key Trait: A Norwegian hunting spitz with ancient Nordic roots — one of the breeds most genetically proximate to the dogs Vikings brought across the North Atlantic.
Profile: The Elkhound is a robust, gray-coated hound built for tracking and holding moose (elk) at bay in dense Scandinavian forests. They're independent thinkers with a strong prey drive, which means they require secure fencing and reliable recall training. More aloof than the Icelandic Sheepdog, they bond deeply with one or two people. Expect 12–15 years of life and a significant shedding season twice yearly. Prices range $1,200–$2,000.
5. Finnish Spitz
Size Class: Medium (20–33 lb / 9–15 kg; 15.5–20 inches)
Key Trait: A "bark pointer" hunting spitz from Finland whose vocal working style closely mirrors the Icelandic Sheepdog's herding-by-barking technique.
Profile: The Finnish Spitz is a striking golden-red dog bred to locate game birds and bark rapidly to alert the hunter — a behavior called "barking on point." In the home, this translates to a dog who communicates vocally and will alert you to anything unusual. They're fox-like in appearance, cat-like in cleanliness, and remarkably good with children. Lifespan averages 13–15 years. They're more readily available in the US than some Nordic breeds, at $1,000–$2,000.
6. Finnish Lapphund
Size Class: Medium (33–53 lb / 15–24 kg; 16.5–20.5 inches)
Key Trait: A subarctic herding spitz developed by the Sámi people to herd reindeer in conditions comparable to Iceland's highlands.
Profile: The Finnish Lapphund is a profusely coated, sturdy dog with a sweet expression and a "startle reflex" — a documented breed trait where they react quickly to sudden movements, a leftover adaptation from working among unpredictable reindeer. They're gentle, biddable, and excellent with families. Coat colors are highly varied. They shed heavily and require brushing 3–4 times per week. Lifespan is 12–15 years. Prices: $1,500–$2,500.
7. Swedish Lapphund
Size Class: Medium (30–45 lb / 14–20 kg; 16–20 inches)
Key Trait: One of the oldest Nordic breeds, historically used for reindeer herding across the same subarctic terrain that shaped Iceland's working dogs.
Profile: The Swedish Lapphund is typically black or dark brown with a dense, weather-resistant coat. They're known for a calm, steady temperament that makes them easier to live with than some higher-drive Nordic breeds. They excel in nosework and tracking. Rarely seen outside Scandinavia, they're a serious commitment to source — expect waitlists of 18+ months and potential import costs adding $2,000–$5,000 to the purchase price.
8. Norwegian Lundehund
Size Class: Small (20–30 lb / 9–14 kg; 12–15 inches)
Key Trait: A uniquely adapted Norwegian spitz bred to hunt puffins on cliff faces — shares the extreme-environment specialization that defines Iceland's native breed.
Profile: The Lundehund is anatomically extraordinary: six toes on each foot, a neck that bends backward to touch the spine, and shoulder joints flexible enough to let the dog spread its legs flat sideways. These adaptations let them navigate narrow cliff crevices. They're sensitive, intelligent, and require patient, positive-reinforcement training. A major health concern is Lundehund Syndrome (gastrointestinal protein-losing enteropathy), which affects an estimated 30–50% of the breed and requires lifelong dietary management. Lifespan is 12–14 years with careful health monitoring. Prices: $2,500–$4,000.
9. Karelian Bear Dog
Size Class: Medium (44–50 lb / 20–23 kg; 19–23.5 inches)
Key Trait: A Finnish hunting spitz with the bold, independent temperament required for working in remote Nordic wilderness — a functional cousin to Iceland's hardy farm dogs.
Profile: The Karelian Bear Dog is a black-and-white spitz historically used to hunt large game including bear, moose, and wild boar. They're fearless, territorial, and not recommended for first-time dog owners. In the US, they've been employed by wildlife management agencies (including the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife) for non-lethal bear deterrence. They need extensive socialization and a job to do. Lifespan: 11–13 years. Prices: $1,500–$2,500, but availability is very limited.
10. Danish-Swedish Farmdog (Dansk-Svensk Gårdshund)
Size Class: Small (15–20 lb / 7–9 kg; 12.5–15 inches)
Key Trait: A Scandinavian all-purpose farm dog whose multi-role heritage parallels the Icelandic Sheepdog's "do everything" farm function.
Profile: This compact, short-coated breed was nearly extinct before a 1980s revival effort. They're versatile, cheerful, and surprisingly athletic for their size — think of them as the Nordic answer to a Jack Russell Terrier but with a calmer off-switch. White with colored patches, they're low-maintenance on grooming but high on engagement needs. Recognized by the FCI but not yet fully by the AKC (currently in the Foundation Stock Service). Lifespan: 11–13 years. Prices: $1,800–$3,000 with limited US availability.
Breed Comparison Table
| Breed | Weight (lb / kg) | Height (in) | Energy Level | Vocalness | Shedding | Family Fit | Price Range (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Icelandic Sheepdog | 25–30 / 11–14 | 16.5–18 | High | Very High | Heavy (seasonal) | Excellent | $1,800–$3,500 |
| Norwegian Buhund | 26.5–40 / 12–18 | 16–18.5 | High | Moderate–High | Heavy (seasonal) | Very Good | $1,500–$2,500 |
| Swedish Vallhund | 20–35 / 9–16 | 12.5–16 | High | Moderate | Moderate | Excellent | $2,000–$3,000 |
| Norwegian Elkhound | 48–55 / 22–25 | 19.5–20.5 | High | Moderate | Very Heavy | Good (experienced owners) | $1,200–$2,000 |
| Finnish Spitz | 20–33 / 9–15 | 15.5–20 | Moderate–High | Very High | Moderate | Very Good | $1,000–$2,000 |
| Finnish Lapphund | 33–53 / 15–24 | 16.5–20.5 | Moderate | Moderate | Heavy | Excellent | $1,500–$2,500 |
| Swedish Lapphund | 30–45 / 14–20 | 16–20 | Moderate | Moderate | Heavy | Very Good | $2,000–$4,000+ |
| Norwegian Lundehund | 20–30 / 9–14 | 12–15 | Moderate | Low–Moderate | Moderate | Good (health commitment) | $2,500–$4,000 |
| Karelian Bear Dog | 44–50 / 20–23 | 19–23.5 | Very High | Moderate | Moderate | Fair (expert owners only) | $1,500–$2,500 |
| Danish-Swedish Farmdog | 15–20 / 7–9 | 12.5–15 | High | Moderate | Low | Excellent | $1,800–$3,000 |
Ranking Rationale: Why Each Breed Made the List
These ten breeds aren't ranked by popularity — they're ranked by their relevance to someone specifically searching for Iceland dog breeds. Here's the logic behind each inclusion:
- Icelandic Sheepdog: The only breed actually from Iceland. Non-negotiable first entry. If you want an Iceland dog, this is it.
- Norwegian Buhund: The closest genetic and functional relative on the mainland. Viking settlers likely carried Buhund-type dogs to Iceland, making this breed a direct ancestral cousin. If you can't find an Icelandic Sheepdog, the Buhund is the next-best match.
- Swedish Vallhund: Shares the same Viking-era herding dog lineage and compact, practical build. More readily available in North America than some alternatives.
- Norwegian Elkhound: Represents the hunting-spitz branch of Nordic dogs that Icelandic settlers would have known. Larger and more independent, but genetically connected.
- Finnish Spitz: The vocal working style is nearly identical to the Icelandic Sheepdog's. If barking-as-communication appeals to you, this breed delivers the same experience.
- Finnish Lapphund: The subarctic herding connection is strong, and this breed offers a slightly calmer temperament for families who want a Nordic dog without the intensity of a true working herder.
- Swedish Lapphund: Included for completeness — it's the Swedish counterpart to the Finnish Lapphund and one of the oldest documented Nordic breeds. Rare but relevant.
- Norwegian Lundehund: Makes the list for its extreme environmental specialization, which mirrors the Icelandic Sheepdog's adaptation to a harsh, isolated landscape. A conversation piece and a serious commitment.
- Karelian Bear Dog: The outer boundary of this list — included because it represents the bold, independent Nordic working temperament at its most intense. Not for casual owners.
- Danish-Swedish Farmdog: The smallest and shortest-coated entry, included because its all-purpose farm dog role directly parallels what the Icelandic Sheepdog does on a larger, fluffier scale.
Decision Framework: How to Choose Between the Top 3
If you've narrowed your search to the Icelandic Sheepdog, Norwegian Buhund, and Swedish Vallhund — the three most practical choices for most households — use this framework to make your final decision:
Step 1: Assess Your Noise Tolerance
- If you live in an apartment or close-quarters neighborhood: Choose the Swedish Vallhund. They're the least vocal of the three and adapt better to shared-wall living.
- If you have a detached home with yard space: Either the Icelandic Sheepdog or Buhund works, but expect frequent barking from both.
- If you work from home and need quiet for calls: Seriously reconsider any Nordic herding breed — their alert-barking is hardwired, not easily trained away.
Step 2: Evaluate Your Activity Level
- 45–60 minutes of vigorous daily exercise: All three breeds can thrive. The Icelandic Sheepdog and Buhund prefer hiking, running, and structured activities like agility.
- 30–45 minutes with mental enrichment: The Vallhund is your best fit — they tire more from puzzle-solving than from pure cardio.
- Less than 30 minutes: None of these breeds are appropriate. Nordic herding dogs with insufficient exercise develop destructive behaviors and excessive vocalization.
Step 3: Consider Grooming Commitment
- The Icelandic Sheepdog requires brushing 3–4 times per week and sheds heavily in spring and fall. Plan for professional grooming ($50–$80 per session) if you can't manage the coat yourself.
- The Norwegian Buhund has a slightly shorter coat but still sheds significantly. Brushing 2–3 times weekly is sufficient.
- The Swedish Vallhund has a medium-length coat that's the easiest of the three to maintain — brushing 2 times per week keeps shedding manageable.
Step 4: Check Availability and Timeline
- Icelandic Sheepdog: 12–24 month waitlist typical. Fewer than 10 active breeders in the US. Be prepared to travel or arrange ground transport.
- Norwegian Buhund: 6–18 month waitlist. More breeders active in the US and Canada. Slightly easier to source.
- Swedish Vallhund: 6–12 month waitlist. Growing breeder network in the US. Most accessible of the three.
Breeds to Consider Carefully (Honorable Mentions & Cautions)
Not every Nordic-adjacent breed is a good fit for someone researching Iceland dog breeds. Here are some breeds you'll encounter in related searches, along with honest assessments of why they may or may not belong on your shortlist:
Breeds That Almost Made the List
- Norwegian Forest Cat... just kidding: But seriously, the Greenland Dog (Grønlandshund) is a legitimate Nordic breed closely related to the Inuit sled dogs. It didn't make this list because it's a high-drive sled dog requiring expert handling — not a family companion for most people. If you're considering one, you need mushing or skijoring experience.
- Siberian Husky: Often lumped in with Nordic breeds, but they're a Russian/Alaskan development, not Scandinavian. They're beautiful but notoriously difficult to train off-leash and prone to escaping. If you want a Nordic-looking dog with better recall, choose a Buhund or Vallhund.
- Alaskan Malamute: Same category as the Husky — stunning but not closely related to Iceland's heritage breeds and far too large and powerful for most households seeking a medium-sized Nordic companion.
Breeds to Avoid If You Want an Iceland-Style Dog
- Shiba Inu: While they look like miniature Nordic spitz dogs, Shibas are Japanese and have a fundamentally different temperament — more aloof, cat-like, and less trainable than any breed on this list. If you want a barking, herding, people-oriented Nordic dog, a Shiba will disappoint you.
- Pomeranian: Technically a spitz breed, but centuries of toy-breeding have removed the working instincts and hardiness that define Nordic dogs. They're lovely companions, but they won't give you the Iceland dog experience.
- Akita: A powerful Japanese spitz that requires experienced handling and is often subject to breed-specific legislation. Not related to Nordic herding lines and a very different proposition from an Icelandic Sheepdog.
Health Considerations Across Nordic Breeds
Nordic breeds share some health patterns worth understanding before you commit. Always consult your veterinarian for breed-specific health screening recommendations.
| Health Condition | Most Affected Breeds on This List | Screening Test | Estimated Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hip Dysplasia | Icelandic Sheepdog, Buhund, Elkhound, Finnish Lapphund | OFA or PennHIP radiograph | $200–$400 |
| Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) | Finnish Lapphund, Swedish Vallhund | DNA test + CERF exam | $75–$150 |
| Lundehund Syndrome (PLE) | Norwegian Lundehund | Endoscopy + bloodwork panel | $800–$2,500 (diagnostic) |
| Patellar Luxation | Vallhund, Danish-Swedish Farmdog, Lundehund | Orthopedic exam | $50–$150 |
| Cataracts | Icelandic Sheepdog, Buhund | CERF annual exam | $75–$150 |
Reputable breeders of any Nordic breed should provide OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) health clearances for hips and, where applicable, DNA test results for breed-specific conditions. The OFA database is publicly searchable — verify a breeder's claims before sending a deposit.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are Icelandic Sheepdogs good family dogs?
Yes, they're generally excellent with children and other household pets when properly socialized. They're affectionate, playful, and form strong bonds with all family members. The main challenge is their vocal nature — they bark at doorbells, delivery trucks, squirrels, and wind. Families who can tolerate (or find charming) a talkative dog will thrive with this breed. Families in apartments with noise complaints will struggle.
Why are Icelandic Sheepdogs so rare?
The breed nearly went extinct twice: once in the late 1800s when distemper and other diseases killed most of Iceland's dogs, and again in the mid-20th century when modern farming reduced the need for herding dogs. A dedicated group of Icelandic and British breeders saved the breed, but the gene pool remains small. The Merck Veterinary Manual notes that the global population is estimated at around 5,000–6,000 dogs. Small litter sizes (typically 3–5 puppies) further limit availability.
How much does it cost to own a Nordic breed annually?
Budget $2,500–$4,500 per year for a medium-sized Nordic breed in the US. This includes high-quality food ($600–$900/year for a 30 lb dog eating premium kibble), routine veterinary care ($400–$700), grooming ($300–$600 if professional), pet insurance ($400–$800/year for a comprehensive plan), and supplies. Nordic breeds tend to be healthy, but when they do need care — particularly for hip or eye conditions — costs can spike. An emergency fund of $3,000–$5,000 is wise.
Can Nordic breeds handle warm climates?
They can adapt, but you need to take precautions. Double-coated Nordic breeds regulate temperature through their coat — do NOT shave them, as this removes their insulation and sun protection. In hot weather (above 80°F / 27°C), exercise early morning or after sunset, provide air conditioning, and watch for heat exhaustion signs: excessive panting, drooling, lethargy, and bright red gums. The Danish-Swedish Farmdog, with its short single coat, handles heat best among the breeds on this list.
Which Nordic breed is easiest to train?
The Norwegian Buhund and Finnish Lapphund are generally the most biddable — they want to work with you and respond well to positive reinforcement methods. The Icelandic Sheepdog is intelligent but can be stubborn and easily distracted by environmental stimuli. The Karelian Bear Dog and Norwegian Elkhound are the most independent and require the most experienced handling. Regardless of breed, avoid aversive training tools like shock or prong collars — Nordic breeds are sensitive and shut down under punishment-based methods. Force-free, reward-based training produces far better results.
Where can I find a reputable breeder for these breeds?
Start with the AKC Marketplace for breeds with full AKC recognition (Icelandic Sheepdog, Buhund, Elkhound, Finnish Spitz). For rarer breeds, contact the national breed club directly — the Icelandic Sheepdog Association of America (ISAA), the Norwegian Buhund Association of America, and equivalent organizations maintain breeder referral lists. Always ask for health testing documentation, a written contract with a return clause, and references from previous puppy buyers. Adoption through breed-specific rescue organizations is also a valid path — Nordic breed rescues occasionally have adult dogs available, typically at $300–$600.
This guide references breed standards and health information from the American Kennel Club, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Always consult your veterinarian for personalized health and nutrition advice for your dog.
Tom Renshaw
All our authors care for dogs every day — read more of their work on the authors page.
