Cubana Havanese
Everything you need to know about the Cubana Havanese: temperament, health risks, grooming needs, costs.
The Havanese — Cuba's only native dog breed and the national dog of the island — has surged in popularity across the United States over the last decade. Sometimes searched as the "Cubana Havanese" in reference to its Cuban heritage, this silky-coated toy breed combines a cheerful disposition with surprising sturdiness for its small frame. Whether you're encountering the breed through a breeder, rescue, or a neighbor's irresistibly fluffy companion, this guide gives you the concrete data you need to decide if a Havanese belongs in your home.
Size class: Toy | Origin: Cuba (Western Mediterranean roots) | Lifespan: 14–16 years | AKC Group: Toy | Coat: Long, silky, double coat | Ideal owner: Apartment dwellers, families with gentle children, first-time owners
Origin & History of the Havanese
The Havanese descends from the Bichon family of dogs — specifically the now-extinct Blanquito de la Habana ("Little White Dog of Havana"), which itself traces back to the Bichon Tenerife brought to Cuba by Spanish colonists in the 1500s and 1600s. Cuban aristocracy favored these lap companions, and over centuries of tropical adaptation, the breed developed a lighter, silkier coat than its European Bichon cousins.
Following the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the breed nearly vanished. Exiled Cuban families smuggled a handful of Havanese to the United States — approximately 11 dogs formed the foundation of the modern American Havanese population. The American Kennel Club officially recognized the Havanese in 1996, and by the 2020s, the breed consistently ranked within the AKC's top 25 most popular breeds in the U.S.
The "Cubana" designation some owners and searchers use is an informal nod to the breed's Cuban roots — there is no separate "Cubana Havanese" variety recognized by major registries. Whether called Havanese, Havana Silk Dog, or Bichon Havanais, they are one and the same breed.
Physical Characteristics & Breed-Info Table
| Attribute | Details |
|---|---|
| Weight | 7–13 lb (3.2–5.9 kg) |
| Height | 8.5–11.5 inches (22–29 cm) at the shoulder |
| Lifespan | 14–16 years |
| Coat Type | Long, silky, double coat; straight to wavy or curly |
| Colors | All colors accepted: white, cream, fawn, black, chocolate, silver, gold, parti-color |
| Energy Level | Moderate — playful but not hyperactive |
| Grooming Needs | High — daily brushing for full coat; every 6–8 weeks if clipped |
| Family Fit | Excellent — gentle with children, sociable with other pets |
| Apartment Friendly | Yes — small size and moderate bark level suit condos/apartments |
| Shedding | Very low — hair-like coat sheds minimally (not hypoallergenic, but close) |
The Havanese has a distinctive springy gait that sets it apart from other toy breeds — the AKC standard describes it as "lively" with a slight rise over the croup. Their plumed tail arcs over the back. Eyes are large, dark, and almond-shaped, giving the breed its characteristic expressive, almost human-like look.
Temperament & Personality: What Living With a Havanese Is Really Like
Havanese dogs earn their reputation as "Velcro dogs" — they form intense bonds with their people and genuinely struggle when left alone for extended periods. Here's what that looks like in daily life:
1. Companion-oriented to a fault. A Havanese will follow you from room to room, sit on your feet while you cook, and curl into your lap the moment you sit down. This is not independence-prone breed behavior — they want physical proximity. Owners who work from home or have someone home most of the day are ideal.
2. Playful without being manic. Unlike some toy breeds that vibrate with nervous energy, the Havanese plays in bursts: a 10-minute game of tug, a romp in the yard, then contentment to nap. They enjoy puzzle toys and learn tricks eagerly — many excel in AKC Rally and beginner agility despite their size.
3. Clownish and social. Havanese tend to "perform" for attention. Expect silly zoomies, head tilts when you talk, and a habit of sitting up on hind legs to get a better view. They're typically friendly with strangers after a brief warm-up, though some lines are more reserved.
4. Surprisingly alert. While not guard dogs by any measure, Havanese will announce visitors with a few sharp barks. They're watchful without being yappy — a key distinction from breeds like Chihuahuas or Miniature Pinschers that tend toward chronic barking.
5. Sensitive to household tension. Havanese absorb emotional atmospheres. A chaotic, loud household may produce an anxious Havanese; a calm, predictable routine produces a confident one. This sensitivity also makes them responsive to gentle training but means harsh corrections shut them down completely.
- Extremely affectionate and bonded
- Low-shedding coat (good for mild allergy sufferers)
- Adapts well to apartments and small spaces
- Generally good with children and other pets
- Intelligent and trainable with positive methods
- Long lifespan — often 14+ healthy years
- Prone to separation anxiety — not ideal for long absences
- High grooming commitment (daily brushing or frequent clipping)
- Housebreaking can take longer than average
- Vulnerable to injury due to small size
- Can develop nuisance barking if bored or lonely
- Puppy prices are on the higher end for toy breeds
Exercise & Activity Needs
Despite their small legs, Havanese are not couch ornaments. They need structured daily activity to maintain muscle tone, prevent obesity (a growing problem in toy breeds), and stave off boredom-driven behaviors like excessive licking or barking.
| Life Stage | Minutes/Day | Recommended Activities |
|---|---|---|
| Puppy (3–12 months) | 20–30 minutes | Short leash walks (5 min per month of age, twice daily), indoor play, socialization outings |
| Adult (1–8 years) | 30–45 minutes | Two 15–20 min leash walks, fetch/tug sessions, puzzle toys, beginner agility or rally |
| Senior (8+ years) | 20–30 minutes | Gentle leash walks, low-impact play, swimming if accessible, sniffari enrichment walks |
A critical note: Havanese are brachycephalic-adjacent in the sense that their short muzzles can make them heat-sensitive, though not to the degree of a Pug or Bulldog. Avoid midday walks when temperatures exceed 85°F (29°C), and always carry water. Their small body mass means they overheat faster than larger breeds.
Common Health Issues in the Havanese
The Havanese is generally a robust toy breed — its long lifespan reflects that. However, responsible ownership means understanding breed-specific predispositions. Always consult your veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment; this information prepares you for conversations at wellness visits, not for home diagnosis.
| Condition | Description | Estimated Prevalence | Screening/Prevention |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patellar Luxation | Kneecap slips out of groove; ranges from Grade I (mild) to Grade IV (surgical) | ~6–8% of Havanese screened (OFA data) | OFA patella evaluation; avoid jumping from high furniture |
| Cataracts (Juvenile & Age-Related) | Clouding of the lens; juvenile form can appear before age 3 | ~4–5% in screened population | Annual CERF/OFA eye exam by veterinary ophthalmologist |
| Chondrodystrophy & IVDD Risk | Havanese carry the CDDY gene variant linked to intervertebral disc disease | CDDY variant present in ~30–40% of tested Havanese | DNA test for CDDY variant; use ramps, limit stair use, maintain lean body condition |
| Heart Murmurs / Mitral Valve Disease | Progressive valve degeneration common in older toy breeds | Rises significantly after age 10; ~15–20% of senior Havanese | Annual cardiac auscultation; echocardiogram if murmur detected |
| Deafness (Congenital) | Unilateral or bilateral; more common in predominantly white/parti-color lines | ~2–3% overall; higher in white-coated lines | BAER testing for puppies; responsible breeders test all litters |
Contact your veterinarian promptly if your Havanese shows: sudden hind-leg weakness or dragging, reluctance to jump or climb, a new head tilt or balance issues, cloudiness in either eye, persistent coughing or exercise intolerance, or any sudden behavioral change that may indicate pain.
The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) maintains breed-specific health databases. Reputable Havanese breeders will provide OFA clearance certificates for both parents covering patellas, hips (when applicable), eyes (CERF), and cardiac evaluation. DNA testing for the CDDY variant is now widely available through labs like Embark and Paw Print Genetics.
Grooming: The Real Commitment
The Havanese coat is one of the breed's defining features — and one of its biggest ownership challenges. The silky double coat grows continuously (like human hair rather than typical fur), meaning it doesn't shed much but mats easily without regular maintenance.
| Task | Frequency (Full Coat) | Frequency (Puppy Clip) | Tools Needed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brushing | Daily (10–15 min) | 2–3 times/week (5 min) | Pin brush, wide-tooth metal comb, detangling spray |
| Bathing | Every 2–3 weeks | Every 3–4 weeks | Dog-specific shampoo, conditioner, high-velocity dryer |
| Professional Grooming | Every 4–6 weeks | Every 6–8 weeks | Professional groomer familiar with Havanese cuts |
| Eye Area Cleaning | Daily | Daily | Eye wipes or damp cotton pad; tear stain remover |
| Ear Cleaning | Weekly | Weekly | Veterinary ear cleanser, cotton balls (never Q-tips) |
| Nail Trimming | Every 2–3 weeks | Every 2–3 weeks | Guillotine or scissor-style nail trimmer; styptic powder |
| Dental Care | Daily brushing ideal | Daily brushing ideal | Dog toothbrush, enzymatic toothpaste (VOHC-approved) |
Pro tip from groomers: Most pet Havanese owners opt for a "puppy clip" (coat trimmed to 1–2 inches all over) rather than maintaining the full show coat. This dramatically reduces daily brushing time and matting risk while keeping the dog comfortable in warm weather. Budget $50–$85 per professional grooming session depending on your region and coat condition.
Training & Intelligence
Havanese rank as one of the more trainable toy breeds. Stanley Coren's intelligence rankings place them in the "average working/obedience intelligence" tier — meaning they typically learn a new command in 25–40 repetitions and obey a known command on the first try about 50% of the time. In practice, though, many Havanese owners report faster learning when training is kept fun and reward-based.
Recommended methods: Positive reinforcement exclusively — food rewards, clicker training, play rewards, and verbal praise. Havanese shut down with punishment-based techniques. Keep sessions short (5–8 minutes for puppies, 10–15 minutes for adults) and end on a success.
Housebreaking reality check: Toy breeds universally take longer to housebreak than larger dogs, and the Havanese is no exception. Expect 4–8 months of consistent crate training and scheduled potty breaks before reliable indoor habits form. Some owners successfully litter-train or use indoor potty pads as a supplement — particularly useful in high-rise apartments or during harsh winter months.
Separation anxiety prevention: Begin alone-time training in puppyhood. Start with 5-minute absences and gradually extend. Provide a food-stuffed Kong or snuffle mat to create positive associations with your departure. If your Havanese shows persistent distress (howling, destructive chewing, inappropriate elimination only when alone), consult a certified veterinary behaviorist or fear-free trainer rather than relying on anti-bark devices, which worsen anxiety.
Family Suitability
With children: Havanese are among the best toy breeds for families with kids — provided the children are taught to handle small dogs gently. Their sturdier build (compared to a Chihuahua or Yorkshire Terrier) means they tolerate clumsy handling better, but no toy breed should be left unsupervised with children under 6. A Havanese dropped or squeezed by a toddler can suffer serious injury.
With other pets: Generally excellent. Havanese tend to be sociable with other dogs and can coexist peacefully with cats when introduced properly. Their low prey drive (compared to terriers) makes them safer around small pets like rabbits, though supervision is always wise.
Apartment living: One of the breed's strongest suits. Their moderate energy, small footprint, and relatively low bark drive make them ideal for apartments and condos. They don't need a yard — two daily leash walks and indoor play sessions suffice. However, their attachment to their people means they do poorly in situations where they're left alone 8+ hours daily.
Cost of Ownership
| Expense Category | Low | Average | High |
|---|---|---|---|
| Puppy Purchase (responsible breeder) | $1,800 | $2,500–$3,500 | $4,500+ (show-quality lines) |
| Rescue/Adoption Fee | $200 | $350–$600 | $800 (breed-specific rescue) |
| First-Year Veterinary (vaccines, spay/neuter, wellness) | $600 | $900–$1,200 | $1,800+ |
| Annual Veterinary (adult wellness) | $400 | $600–$900 | $1,500+ |
| Grooming (annual) | $400 | $600–$800 | $1,200+ |
| Food (high-quality kibble or fresh diet) | $240/year | $360–$500/year | $700+/year |
| Pet Insurance (annual premium) | $360 | $480–$720 | $1,000+ |
| Estimated Annual Cost (after first year) | ~$1,600 | ~$2,500–$3,500 | $5,000+ |
Given the Havanese's predisposition to orthopedic and eye conditions, pet insurance is worth evaluating early. Enrolling a puppy before any conditions manifest ensures coverage for hereditary issues like patellar luxation and cataracts. Companies like Trupanion, Healthy Paws, and Lemonade offer breed-specific condition coverage — compare exclusions carefully.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is the Havanese a good breed for first-time dog owners?
Yes — the Havanese is one of the most recommended toy breeds for first-time owners. They're forgiving of training mistakes, eager to please, and their moderate energy level doesn't overwhelm novice handlers. The main challenges for first-timers will be the grooming commitment and patience required for housebreaking. If you can commit to daily brushing and consistent potty schedules, the Havanese is an excellent starter breed.
How much exercise does a Havanese need daily?
Adult Havanese need 30–45 minutes of combined exercise daily, split between two leash walks and indoor play. This is manageable for most lifestyles — including seniors, apartment dwellers, and busy professionals who work from home. They are not a breed that needs a yard or hours of vigorous exercise, but they do need daily movement to stay lean and mentally stimulated.
What health problems is the Havanese prone to?
The most significant breed-specific conditions are patellar luxation (kneecap instability), juvenile and age-related cataracts, chondrodystrophy-linked IVDD (disc disease), mitral valve disease in senior years, and congenital deafness (particularly in white-coated lines). Reputable breeders screen for all of these. With proper health testing and preventive care, many Havanese live 14–16 years with minimal health issues.
How big does a Havanese get?
A fully grown Havanese typically weighs 7–13 lb (3.2–5.9 kg) and stands 8.5–11.5 inches (22–29 cm) at the shoulder. They reach close to their adult size by 9–12 months but may fill out slightly through 18 months. Any Havanese significantly outside this range may indicate mixed breeding or a health issue — discuss with your veterinarian.
Are Havanese good with children and other pets?
Yes, Havanese are generally excellent with respectful children and other household pets. Their playful, gentle nature makes them one of the better toy breeds for families. However, children must be taught to handle them carefully — no toy breed should be carried roughly or dropped. Always supervise interactions between any dog and children under 6. With cats and other dogs, Havanese typically integrate smoothly with proper introductions.
How much does a Havanese cost to buy and maintain?
Expect to pay $2,500–$3,500 for a well-bred Havanese puppy from a responsible breeder who health-tests parents (OFA patella, CERF eyes, DNA panels). Adoption through breed-specific rescues like Havanese Rescue Inc. typically costs $350–$600. Annual maintenance (veterinary care, grooming, food, insurance) averages $2,500–$3,500 per year after the first year.
What is the difference between a Havanese and a "Cubana Havanese"?
There is no difference — "Cubana Havanese" is not a separate breed or variety. The term is an informal reference to the Havanese's Cuban origin. All major registries (AKC, UKC, FCI) recognize a single Havanese breed standard regardless of what informal names are used in marketing or online searches.
Do Havanese dogs shed?
Havanese shed very little. Their coat is hair-like rather than fur-like, growing continuously and releasing minimal dander. While no dog is truly hypoallergenic, many people with mild dog allergies tolerate Havanese well. Regular grooming is essential — the trade-off for low shedding is high brushing and clipping frequency to prevent mats.
This article is for informational purposes and does not replace professional veterinary advice. Always consult your veterinarian for breed-specific health guidance, vaccination schedules, and nutritional planning. If you suspect your Havanese has ingested a toxic substance, contact the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at (888) 426-4435 immediately (consultation fee applies).
Robin Maitland
All our authors care for dogs every day — read more of their work on the authors page.
